International Journal of Literacy and Education

This paper explores water’s symbolic and literal role in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, focusing on its representation as a source of life, destruction, and cultural memory. The novella’s setting, the vast and unpredictable ocean, plays a central role in shaping the protagonist, Santiago’s, physical and spiritual journey. As a life-giving force, water represents both sustenance and survival, enabling Santiago to connect deeply with the natural world through fishing. Yet, the ocean also serves as a site of destruction, embodying the relentless forces of nature that challenge Santiago’s endurance and humanity’s vulnerability against natural elements.
Moreover, the sea functions as a repository of cultural memory, carrying within it centuries of maritime tradition, myth, and the existential struggles of humankind. Through Santiago’s battle with the marlin and the sharks, Hemingway evokes themes of isolation, resilience, and the cycle of life and death, all framed by the symbolic significance of the sea. This paper applies ecocritical and psychoanalytic approaches to unravel the duality of water in the novella, ultimately arguing that Hemingway’s portrayal of the ocean reflects a deeper meditation on the human condition and the interconnectedness of life, nature, and memory.